The Quality of Financial Reporting After the Passage of...

Research Proposal The Quality of financial Reporting after the passage of Sarbanes-Oxley Act Dr. Hassan Ahmed Assistant Professor at Cameron University Abstract The complexity of business environment necessitates a set of required disclosures in a timely fashion. The full disclosure principle under U.S. GAAP is based on a vague definition that cannot be clearly implemented. The cost of disclosures can be significantly large and can have a negative impact on companies’ future earnings (small businesses). The purpose of this article is to examine the disclosure establishment of pre and post Enron, the effect of those disclosures on both corporations and on potential investors and to examine whether financial reporting quality†¦show more content†¦Arthur Levitt’s top priority throughout his tenure with SEC was, to protect potential investors. Mr. Levitt’s policy was to increase the quality of financial reporting and strengthen the role of the corporate audit committees. Contingent liabilities are often referred as off-balance sheet activities and they are neither recognized as assets or liabilities nor the y are reported on the balance sheet simply because GAAP does not recognize them as such. Enron and many other large companies were successful to keep billions of dollars of debt off-balance sheet (Chandra, et al, 2006). Title 4 section 401, j of SOX’s enhanced financial disclosures required the disclosure of all material off balance sheet transactions, obligations, arrangements and any material current or future that will have an effect on the financial condition (SOX, 2002). Economics and Accounting literature devoted considerable amount of time to analyze the cost-benefit of SOX and found that US firms incur 6.1 billion was spent of manpower, IT and consulting services (CFO, Bergen 2004 and 2005). The debate of whether the cost of complying SOX is cost effective, is an impetus toward a policy change, however, one can ask, ever since the SOX implementation, how the quality of financial reporting has effected? Research Question and Hypothesis Development Many studies have addressed disclosure mismanagement of financial statements before and after Enron scandal, however, the few studies that have tackledShow MoreRelatedThe Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Sox )1526 Words   |  7 Pages Essay #1- Tax Advantages and Disadvantages of Sarbanes-Oxley Eric Kitts Liberty University â€Æ' Introduction The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 was implemented to deter fraudulent activities amongst companies by monitoring and auditing financial activities as well as set up internal controls to aid in the safeguard of company funds and investor’s interest. SOX also regulates the non-audit tax services (NATS) that can be performed by an auditing firm. SOX was passed by Congress in 2002 in anRead MoreA History Of Earnings Management1624 Words   |  7 PagesA History of Earnings Management, Financial Scandals, and the Resulting Legislations At the turn of the 21st century, America found itself wrought with multiple financial scandals. The poor decisions of just a few executives resulted in thousands of people out of a job, pension funds wiped away, and houses going back to the bank. While earnings management was certainly not a new concept nor was the resulting fraud, the high number of scandals within a short period of time brought it front and centerRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley ( Sox ) Act Of 20021617 Words   |  7 PagesThe focus of this week’s assignment is the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act of 2002. A brief historical summary of SOX will be presented, including the events leading up to its passage. The key ethical components of SOX will be identified and explained. The social responsibility implications of the mandatory publication of corporate ethics will be assessed. One of the main criticisms of SOX has been its implementation costs, and this specific criticism will be addressed in regards to smaller org anizationsRead MoreAnalysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act3143 Words   |  13 PagesAnalysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Abstract The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was enacted in July 30, 2002, by Congress to protect shareholders and the general public from fraudulent corporate practices and accounting errors and to maintain auditor independence.    In protecting the shareholders and the general public the SOX Act is intended to improve the transparency of the financial reporting.    Financial reports are to be certified by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO)Read MoreEthics and Financial Reporting2997 Words   |  12 PagesEthics and Financial Reporting AMBA 630 Executive Summary Reacting to a flood of accounting scandals and media outcry, the U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in July 2002. It is administered by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). It sought to prevent future cases such as the one witnessed with Madoff Investment Securities, by improving the accuracy of public company financial statements. An important goal of SOX is to make these financials more meaningful (iRead MoreEthics and Financial Reporting3003 Words   |  13 PagesEthics and Financial Reporting AMBA 630 Executive Summary Reacting to a flood of accounting scandals and media outcry, the U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in July 2002. It is administered by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). It sought to prevent future cases such as the one witnessed with Madoff Investment Securities, by improving the accuracy of public company financial statements. An important goal of SOX is to make these financials more meaningful (i.e., transparent)Read MoreThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 20023255 Words   |  14 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Presented by: Ibrahim M. Conteh; Ruby Proctor Garcia; Kathleen M. Parry; Joseph M. Schmerling; Jaime Ulloa Auditing Theory and Practice 0902 ACCT422 4021 Due: April 29, 2009 Table of Contents Page Number What is the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002? 3 Why was SOX established? 4 When did SOX take effect? 5 What companies were affected and how? 6 What does SOX compliance requireRead MoreThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 20024779 Words   |  20 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Introduction2001-2002 was marked by the Arthur Andersen accounting scandal and the collapse of Enron and WorldCom. Corporate reforms were demanded by the government, the investors and the American public to prevent similar future occurrences. Viewed to be largely a result of failed or poor governance, insufficient disclosure practices, and a lack of satisfactory internal controls, in 2002 George W. Bush signed into law the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that became effective onRead MoreLge 500 Week 10 Discussion 12 Essay2300 Words   |  10 PagesCauses Please respond to the following: Analyze at least three underlying causes for the creation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Next, rank the causes that you have analyzed from the most important to the least important to the creation of the Act. Explain your rationale. In the later part of 1990s, there was an epidemic of accounting scandals which arose with the disclosure of financials transgressions by trusted corporate executives. The misdeeds involved misusing or misdirecting funds, understatingRead MoreThe Coso Internal Control Framework1271 Words   |  6 PagesControl Framework The framework describes internal control as a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories: †¢ Effectiveness and efficiency of operations †¢ Reliability of financial reporting †¢ Compliance with applicable laws and regulations COSO goes on to state that the internal controls of an organization can be depicted graphically using a pyramid (Appendix A). The pyramid is comprised of five different layers representing

The American Association Of Public Accountants - 1841 Words

The American Association of Public Accountants, created in 1887, tasked accounting professionals with the responsibility to ascertain, maintain, and evaluate company financial statements for accuracy, fraud, and compliance utilizing current accounting guidelines. Financial frauds, in the twentieth century, however continued to evaded detection due to loose accounting oversight, and a lack of proper internal and external controls (Events that shaped a century, 2005). Since that time, additional acts of legislation, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the Dodd-Frank Act, became law as efforts made towards combatting fraud. Further, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) Fraud Task Force now exist in an effort to combat, pursue, and prosecute financial fraud crime (Gupta, Weirich, Turner, 2013). Despite these measures, the methods for combatting financial fraud need updates in consideration of the ongoing advances in technology. While the principles established to date provide a strong precedent, it is necessary for corporate managers to embrace advancements in information technology-based fraud detection to strengthen the corporation’s defense against financial fraud. The need for improve fraud risk assessment noted by fraud examiners, and monitoring-while continuing to improve auditing technologies and computer-assisted audit techniques (CAATs), points to the changing nature of fraud in the current accountingShow MoreRelatedProfessional Development Essay. As A Certified Public Accountant,1360 Words   |  6 PagesProfessional Development Essay As a certified public accountant, there are a couple of organizations that provide opportunities, knowledge, information and other opportunities that can be beneficial to a new accountant, an accountant nearing the end of his career, an accounting firm, or an individual looking to become a certified public accountant. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Michigan Association of Certified Public Accounts both offer unique benefits to their membersRead MoreThe Role of Accounting in Business Society631 Words   |  3 Pagesanalyzing, verifying, and reporting the results. An accountant is one who is skilled in the practice of accounting or who is in charge of public or private accounts. (http://www.merriam-webster.com, n.d.) Someone who has obtained a bachelor’s degree in accounting can pursue many different accounting career fields. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics the median annual wage for accountants and auditors was $63,550 in May 2012. Employment of accountants and auditors is projected to grow 13 percentRead MoreA Brief Note On American Psychological Association Style1043 Words   |  5 PagesWrite in APA Format American Psychological Association Style The style that is used for accountants is the American Psychological Association Style (APA). If you ever write a paper for an accounting course, you must follow the APA guidelines so you can understand the writing style, how to format your paper, and how to cite your sources. This is just a summary of the main points of how to write an APA paper, but the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association offers a more detailedRead MoreAcc 11410 Words   |  6 PagesJuly 17, 2014 1. Question 1: Proficient-level: There are several important functions performed in an organization, among which accounting is one of them. Define the accounting function and discuss how it differs from double-entry bookkeeping. Accountants analyze and interpret financial information, prepare financial statements, conduct audits, design accounting systems, prepare special business and financial studies, prepare forecasts and budgets, and provide tax services. Double-entry bookkeepingRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Favorite Club1265 Words   |  6 PagesAccounting field. 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Comm 399 Assignment 2 Free Essays

Comm 399- 204 Question 1: a) The flow unit for the above steps is patients. b) The resources needed for: i) pre-surgery examination and orientation are the blood and urine test equipment, dinner supplies, tea and cookies and a bed. ii) surgery are the anesthetic, operating table, supplies, operating room, a surgeon iii) recovery are a wheel chair, cookies and tea and a bed. We will write a custom essay sample on Comm 399 Assignment 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Question 2 a) The weekly throughput rate of the hospital is 120 patients/ week b) The average bed utilization is 450/ 630 = 71% c) | 90| 90| 90| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 60| | | | 60| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 30| 30| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Mond| Tues| Wed| Thurs| Fri| Sat| Sun| Question 3 a) The average bed utilization would be 540/ 630= 86%. b) | 90| 90| 90| 90| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 60| | | | | 60| 60| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Mond| Tues| Wed| Thurs| Fri| Sat| Sun| Question 4 a) Yes more capacity does need to be added to the facility. The bottleneck resource is the available beds and this directly affects the throughput rate. By increasing the number of available beds the hospital can admit more patients and operate on more of them leading to an increased throughput rate. b) My suggestion would be to first add an additional operation room so the throughput rate of operations from doctors could match that of the operating rooms available at 48 per day. Then I would suggest adding additional beds adding up to as many as 54 [ (48-30) *3 ]. This would maximize the number or patients able to be operated on and take care of, reaching the capacity rate for the different stages. How to cite Comm 399 Assignment 2, Papers

Martin Luther King And Mass Media Essay Example For Students

Martin Luther King And Mass Media Essay Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Mass MediaMartin Luther King Jr. was a very significant and influential man. Though his life was cut short at 39 years old, he left a big mark on todays society. From the Prayer Pilgrimage of May 17, 1957, an event and a date that marked Kings entr?e into the field of national Negro leadership to the unforgettable March on Washington. (Bennett 10) King was determined to reach his goal, which was to have blacks and whiter united and treated equally. King was faced with many obstacles, including the press. At first, there was hardly any print about Kings events and protests. When the events did get recognition Kings name wasnt mentioned at all. Not until many years later when the protests sparked violence and death was Kings name mentioned and even then, it was used in negative way. In this paper, I will discuss how the news magazines Time, Newsweek, and the U.S. News went about distorting, neglecting, and eventually praising King and his events. In order to help understand the Civil Rights Movement and it controversy you have to start at the beginning. On the way home from work as a seamstress Mrs. Rosa Parks boarded a Montgomery City Line bus. When asked to give up her seat for a white passenger Rosa Parks refused. The bus driver left his seat and summoned the police. The police officer arrested Rosa Parks for violating the cities segregation ordinances. ( Bennett 59) Rosa Parks arrest sparked a one-day boycott that stretched out to 382 days. That event started the Civil Rights movement and changed the spirit of Martin Luther Kings, Jr. Time magazine was the first of the newsmagazines to pick up the story of the bus boycott. (Lentz 26) Newsweek didnt print the story until five months after it happened. In addition, not until then did Kings name was mentioned by it or Time. Neither King nor the cause grabbed the attention of U.S. News World Report. What they did report was how disturbed the southerners were over the population shift in Montgomery that seemed to be leading to black control. (Lentz 28 ) With the bus boycott in full swing merchants were loosing millions of dollars and white housewives were having to drive their black maids around, whose services they didnt want to loose. With people, complaining the Montgomery government stepped in. While the court was scheduled to hear the city governments petition to stop the bus boycott, the Supreme Court stepped in. A message came down form the Supreme Court striking down the motion that the bus segregation ordinance as unconstitutional. When this was heard a joyful bystander stated God Almighty has spoken from Washington D.C. (Lentz 31) After Kings victory, there was almost nothing in Newsweek and Time. Not until 382 days after the bus boycott began, did Time and Newsweek report on the event. Both ma gazines predicted that the black victory would be accepted by whites. (Lentz 31) This later proved untrue. Snipers fired shots at buses and the homes of black ministers were bombed, as were black churches. Kings first arrest after trying to enter a crowed courtroom where another Negro integration leader was testifying put his face in Newsweek. A photograph showing policeman handling King roughly, appeared in Newsweek. The caption noted Alabama arrests a Negro minister on a loitering charge. (Lucaitis 27) Not even mentioning Kings name. In the late summer of 1962, King decided to launch a series of demonstrations in Birmingham. The demonstrations lead to wide spread violence. White police officers with K-9 dogs invaded the march and arrests were made. King was one of the demonstrators arrested. .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .postImageUrl , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:hover , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:visited , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:active { border:0!important; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:active , .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5 .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff972c5bf1195bf3a83729d41d4e30b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compassion vs Insensitivity EssayTime, Newsweek, and U.S. News World Report would find themselves forced to write about the events in Birmingham. U.S. News would be forced into the all-together awkward position of having to account for the brutal and open violence black demonstrators, especially children, that the entire world had seen.(Lentz 78) Time and Newsweek would recall the Birmingham campaign as a crusade for freedom. (Lentz 78) When reporting about Birmingham, Newsweek entertained doubts. The journal chose terms, siege, army, generals, and recruiting troops, -that spoke of invasion and military. (Lentz 80) Newsweek also criticized Kings timing of the demonstratio ns. Kings problems were not limited to criticism from Newsweek and Time. Unexpectedly his movement was running out of steam. King and colleges set out on a march in order to force police to arrest them. They were taken into custody and jailed. The headlines of Newsweek and Time were unchanged as King campaign continued. The best example of how the papers chose to ignore King was after one of his many arrests. Following the arrests of King, President Kennedy called Kings wife to express his concern and to tell her that she would be hearing from her husband. Recognizing a good stroke of publicity, King instructed his wife to get word of the telephone call to the SCLC for an announcement to reporters. No mention of the call appeared in Newsweek and Time, which was odd, considering Kennedy was the nations most visible news maker.(Lentz 84) The turning point came when King recruited Birminghams school children, most of them teenagers. He had sent them on marches downtown. Before nightfal l, thousands were jailed. During the marches police officers chose to use billy clubs, police dogs, and fire hoses. More than 250 journalists, from America and many of the nations of Europe and Asia, covered the story.(Lentz 84) Time, for example, described the scene as, police against children, dogs against humans, whites against blacks.(Lentz 87)The U.S. News described King as a sinister and a ruthless leader Helping to mastermind the Birmingham protest and promising to add demonstrations in a city that already had enough violence. Fireman doused the children with high-pressure hoses. Many were sent sprawling across the pavement. There were screams as the water streams hit the people. The crowd surged forward again, and was hit by another blast of water. Police brought dogs, let them lose on long leashes. Officers on motorcycles chased Negros back into the churches and used nightsticks on stragglers.(U.S. News World Report 8) The reports made by Time were masterfully understated. The high-pressure hoses lacked the power, to strip bark from a tree, and there use was justified by the notation and the crowd surged forward twice. Only one policeman used a nightstick and that was merely to just prod stragglers. Dogs were employed but carefully, on long leashes, and dogs and demonstrators did not even meet.(Lentz 86-87) The March on Washington was the one event that united millions of blacks without violence and caught the eye of the world. It was also the place where Kings now famous speech I have a dream? originated. That speech caught the mood of the event. Time and Newsweek reported the March as a rite of national idealism. Kings popularity rose with Time because his oratory was catching, dramatic, inspirational; He became the Civil Rights Leader who holds the heat of most American Negros in his hand.(Lentz 104) Four months after the march Time magazine was the first to print the entirety of Kings I have a dream?speech. U.S. News described King as a false prophet and a dangerous radical who preached the necessity of social disruption, and increasing militancy throughout the nation.(Lentz 118)Time selected King as Man of the Year. Time said King was selected As a man- but also as the representative of his people for whom 1963 was perhaps the most important year in their history.(Bennett 118) King was also honored by receiving the Noble Peace Prize on December 10, 1964. He was the twelfth American and third Negro to win this prize. In conclusion, the victories and failures of Martin Luther King, Jr. were many. In the beginning, Time maga zine had refused to write about King and his demonstrations. Reluctantly writing about his arrests and the Birmingham riots. Newsweek wrote negatively about King and the Birmingham riots. Stating that it was almost military like, and that King had asked for violence by letting teenagers protest. After the Washington March, Time and Newsweek reported the event in a positive mind frame. In the end, Time made King its Man of the Year. The U.S. News had called King Ruthless and Sinister and all throughout Kings career, U.S. News hardly printed anything positive. As you can see King gained popularity, Time and Newsweek gradually showed interest in his message. Their articles helped King gain support from political figures, and citizens with their controversial headlines. Martin Luther King, Jr. was and still is a very important figure in our society today. There is no doubt that Americas mass media helped place King there.

Dance Helicap Essay Example

Dance Helicap Essay In 1967. Frank Dance proposed the communicating theoretical account called Dance’s Helix Model for a better communicating procedure. The name coiling comes from Helix which means an object holding a 3-dimensional form like that of a wire lesion uniformly around a cylinder or cone. He shows communicating as a dynamic and non-linear procedure. Theory Dance’s theoretical account emphasized the troubles of communicating. Frank Dance uses the signifier of a Helix to depict communicating procedure. He developed this theory based on a simple spiral which gets bigger and bigger as it moves or grows. The chief feature of coiling theoretical account of communicating is that it is evolutionary. Frank Dance explains the communicating procedure based on this Helix construction and compares it with communicating. In the Helix construction. the underside or starting is really little so it’s bit by bit moves upward in a dorsum and Forth round gesture which form the bigger circle in the top and it’s still moves farther. The whole procedure takes some clip to make. As like spiral. the communicating procedure starts really easy and defined little circle. Communicators portion information merely with little part of themselves to their relationships. Its bit by bit develops into following degree but which will take some clip to make and spread outing its boundaries to the following degree. Subsequently the communicators commit more and portion more parts themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Dance Helicap specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dance Helicap specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dance Helicap specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Example When a kid is born the lone means of communicating is shouting. he/she calls for everything like hungriness. hurting. cold etc. . As the kid grows the agencies of communicating become wider and broader. He learns to makes noises so he learns linguistic communication to obtain attending and to carry through his demands. As a Helix the procedure of communicating in this instance started from shouting and later it developed into a complex and compound agencies. The Helical theoretical account of communicating is mostly dependent on its yesteryear. A kid learns to articulate a word in his simple categories and throughout his life he uses that word in the same manner he learnt. Just like that we used to respond to certain things in a certain manner in our childhood and such reactions and wonts stopping points with us everlastingly. The communicating evolves in the beginning in some simple signifiers so the same procedure of communicating develops based on the past activities. It develops further with alterations. Decision Frank Dance included the construct of clip in his theory. Something happens over the other will ever be based on the first event harmonizing to him. This theory of communicating was a topic to a figure of experimental researches. Even though this theoretical account of communicating clarifies everything there is a job of over simplification. Harmonizing to this theory a communicating procedure is the merchandise of what we learnt. Let us understand the theoretical account with the aid of an illustration. A kid from the really minute he comes to this universe starts pass oning. When a babe is born. the nurse hang-up his dorsum to do the kid call. If the kid doesn’t call. it is an indicant of a still born kid. What does shouting in this instance mention to? It is really a manner the kid is pass oning to his parents that he is alive. perfectly whole and hearty and ready to confront the challenges of the universe. As the kid grows up. he cries whenever he is hungry or expects something from his parents and sometimes merely for his parent’s attending. It is once more a child’s ain manner of conveying his message to the whole universe. When the same kid grows up and starts traveling to school. he shortly interacts with his parents. instructors. friends in the signifier of words. Now shouting really gets replaced by words or his address but one thing which is common is the procedure of communicating which existed since the child’s birth. Therefore the kid really started pass oning from the really first twenty-four hours of his life and has been pass oning all through till the present twenty-four hours. This explains one portion of coiling theoretical account of communicating. Harmonizing to the Helical theoretical account of communicating. the procedure of communicating evolves from the really birth of an person and continues till the bing minute. All life entities start pass oning from the really first twenty-four hours of their beginning. When seeds are planted. they convey the message to the nurseryman that they need to be watered day-to-day and should be treated good with fertilisers and manure. When a works emerges from the seed it besides starts pass oning its demand for H2O. sunshine. manure and fertilisers. therefore back uping the Helical theoretical account of communicating. The same besides applies for animate beings. birds. fishes and all life animals. Now allow us throw some more light on a existent life state of affairs An person in his simple categories learns to articulate a peculiar word or respond to a peculiar state of affairs. It has been observed that even though the kid grows up. he continues to articulate that peculiar word in the same manner as he did during his turning up yearss or for that affair. if the same state of affairs arises once more he would under all fortunes react in the same manner as he did in the yesteryear. The fright of the kid when all of a sudden the visible radiation goes away at dark ensuing in a complete blackout is present in his younger yearss every bit good as when he grows up. The above illustration once more makes the Helical theoretical account of communicating clear. Harmonizing to the Helical theoretical account as the procedure of communicating moves forward it besides comes back and is mostly dependent on the past behavior of the person. The theoretical account believes that communicating procedure is merely like a spiral which moves frontward every bit good as comes rearward and is dependent on the behavior forms of the past definitely with some alterations and alterations. As the kid grows up. he does do little alterations in his past organic structure motions or past pronunciation or facial looks. He makes certain alterations. alterations in his communicating and attempts to acquire rid of the communicating mistakes. An person will decidedly acquire less nervous in his teenage yearss as compared to his childhood yearss. therefore a little alteration in his behavior.

Culture is ordinary essays

Culture is ordinary essays Culture is Ordinary. Critically Evaluate this Statement with Reference to the work of Williams The discussion and debate of culture and what it represents in British society is very much a modern phenomenon. The first academics to discuss the topic, people such as Leavis, Hoggart and Williams first did so around the 1950s and 60s. Before such time there was no concise, recorded commentary on the meaning of culture, how it affects society and how it is to be approached. This development of cultural debate and the foundations of the specific academic discipline of cultural studies is intricately linked to the economic environment of the time and the time preceding it, in particular the rise of industrialisation. With the development of a division of class, differing educational opportunities and the rise of consumerism the issues surrounding a debate on culture and what it is became particularly relevant. However, what is to be discovered by anyone investigating culture is that it is a very complex concept due to its multi-dimensional nature. The word culture is used ev eryday with many different meanings intended. As Williams says, "Culture is one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language" (Williams,1976, p87). It can be used in the context of mass culture, popular culture or high culture. It has been used to describe whole nations or a particular group within a nation. Hebdige talked of subculture referring to a movement against the dominant values of a society and culture can also be a growth of micro-organisms. Therefore, it is important that whenever discussing this topic one takes the up most care to be clear and precise about the intended meaning of culture. Williams contribution to the culture debate is one of the most insightful and immense to date. His argument is based on the view that "culture is ordi...

Executive Summary Franks Pizza Pan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Executive Summary Franks Pizza Pan - Essay Example The new MIS has the potential of solving the problem of market uncertainties where businesses are not aware of the exact locations of their markets. The executive summary is actually concise and accurate in content, but loses conciseness and accuracy in language use. This makes the summary not engaging as it is supposed to be. One factor that makes it lose engaging feature is vagueness. The author does not use exact business and technological terms required for a business plan. An example is â€Å"narrow down locations for business improvement† instead of â€Å"market segmentation and positioning.† As an executive officer reading this executive summary, I think I would take too much time to be convinced of the exact problem that the MIS intends to address and its benefits. Apart from these, the executive summary has covered all parts of sections of the assignment. I can only add that when you want to prepare a business plan, consider communicative terms suitable for the context, and not just passing

Steve Jobs, a Modern Hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Steve Jobs, a Modern Hero - Essay Example He was among the most influential persons in the globe for the last four decades. So influential he was, but not without authority. He assembled a team that was accordingly competent and conformed to his commands with total fealty. Not just his death, his resignation as Apple’s Chief Executive Officer was a total anguish to the world. The public response to the tremendous death was that only seen in cases involving tales about epic heroes. Like a modern hero, he accepted assistance from his fellows as well as subordinates. In addition, he inspired those he worked with to be better. Fearless to dream, he invented technologies that extremely fulfilled the lives of countless people. This paper focuses on the life of Steve Jobs as a modern hero, triumphing via initiative, technology, and will power, who looks at things from a global perspective. Born on February 24, 1955 to an unmarried Joanne Simpson and Abdufattah Jandari in San Francisco , Steven was given up to adoption and adopted by Clara and Paul Jobs of California who brought him up . His adoptive parents cherished and nurtured his curiosity in electronics. He dropped out of college in 1972 when he felt his parents were struggling too much to educate him and he was still not sure of what he wanted. He foremost saw a computer terminal at NASA’s Ames Research Center. ... His engineers at Apple tailored the idea to come up with two great computers, the pricier Lisa and Macintosh (Iwatani & Fowler Web). After this, one invention came after another, from the ‘graphical’ PC of 1984 to Pixer, Apple completely changed the world of computers. It kept building new and better innovations under the guidance of the competent Jobs. He was once pushed out of Apple for eleven years due to discrepancy with Sculley. Even when out of Apple his dream remained sentient, and he opened another company ‘NEXT’. He later rejoined Apples, to find it struggling to remain in the picture but he invigorated the company (Robertson Web). Most fancied of his inventions is the launch of iPod in 2001, a pocket garget that could lug up to 1000 songs. Next came the touch screen iPhone in 2007 coupled by Apple’s App Store in the subsequent year. In 2010, arrived the iPad. These and other innovations ranked Apples as the second biggest company by 2011 in United States. Though most felt that creation of iPad was unimportant, Steve wizardly convinced the world to accept and buy the tablet sized all touch computer. Jobs ideas resulted not only in Apple’s success but also fashioned everything, from Hollywood to music industry. They changed PC as well as digital media industries (Robertson Web). Jobs unreservedly transformed the field of technology, completely revolutionizing the word. He had an entirely diverse way of envisaging things, always believed in himself and brilliant enough to implement what he contemplated. No hero lacks rivals, and Steve did have some, Bill Gates a computer intellect like Jobs was one of them. The difficult path full of the setbacks and disappointments he had to follow to be triumphant as well as the challenges he came across but

Signage Design For Public Spaces Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Signage Design For Public Spaces - Assignment Example A signage is usually designed to arouse the audience’s interest and attention to what they refer. They are therefore, intended to identify things and places and to provide direction to an interested audience. They are also used ideally to give information about areas or places of interest, as well as warning information and instructions. As such, a signage should be designed in a specific shape depending on the intended purpose. This implies that there are specific rules dictating how they are designed. For instance, a rectangular signage is intended to provide general information to an audience and to identify things and places. In contrast, a circular signage portrays specific instructions that should be followed by the audience concerned. On the other hand, a triangular signage indicates danger, and the audience it is meant for should not ignore the message it carries. These guidelines should be taken into account when deciding on the shape of the signage (Trulove & Sprague , 2000). In addition, it is important to understand the purpose of signage. Business signs are intended to market a business to the public; hence the intended audience should easily identify and link the information with the business being advertised. Such a signage provides the business with an effective voice on the streets since it creates a permanent impression on pedestrians and motorists. A road safety sign, on the other hand, should be precise and able to communicate the intended warning in the best way and in the shortest time possible. This means that a signage should be easy to identify and understand given the short time that pedestrians and motorists spend on a particular street. There are different types of signs that depend on where they are placed to capture the attention. Their location is also important since it becomes part of the sign, and hence it should be appealing and such that emphasises the information carried by the sign. There are signs placed on buildings ; others can be said to be free standing. Some include changeable copy boards, interior signs as well as buildings which function as a sign themselves. Illumination of signs can also be used in communication of seasonal messages on signage designs to impact a buyer’s choices in particular times. However, most signs are meant to communicate a particular message to a given audience. This paper will try to highlight the main features of a business advertisement signage which is the most common type of signage. Business signs are primarily used as a way of marking the location of a business. Such an identity is a form of advertisement intended to capture the attention of potential customers. The most important aspect that must be captured in such a signage is the specific products that the business offers, which the reader should identify with. It is a fact that signs have a profound effect hardly noticed. For this reason, they are quite effective and can be used as a strong adve rtising tool if they are properly designed and located (Galindo, 2011). The main purpose of business signage is to capture the attention of potential customers, particularly new ones. This can help the business grow its revenues and profitability. In addition, signs are used as a branding tool for a business. Raising the top of the mind awareness in potential customers helps to identify the business, and this can be achieved through a properly designed signage. Such a permanent signage has a repetitive influence on those who get to read it each time they come across it. Such a brand identifier should have a consistent design that matches the products and services offered. Finally, business signs are an effective tool in triggering impulse buying. Many

Maslow and Hertzbergs Theories of Motivation

Maslow and Hertzbergs Theories of Motivation There are two types of motivational theories, process and content theory. Maslow was extremely clear to emphasize that organisations should, within reasons carry out all they can to satisfy needs of all levels in an organisation; whether, considering teams, departments or individuals. (Fincham et. al.(2005)).  He also recognised the problem involving this idea, Fincham (2005) states it is hard for us to go backward psychologically A theory which offered a number of predictions about what motivates people in societies offering relatively full employment, when jobs are scarce; employees are motivated solely by deficiency needs. (Fincham and Rhodes, page 197) Real introduction Motivation has increased in popularity over the past era, determining organisational behaviour; theories of motivation are necessary in ensuring comprehensive and promising organisational activities. This essay explores the importance, similarities and differences of motivational theories concentrating specifically on Maslows and Hertzbergs theory; also the essay investigates how team leaders might exercise the two theories to motivate their teams in an organisational setting. Hallway (1991) reveals that by the 1960s motivation became the central concept through which to understand job satisfaction. Motivational theories are divided into two different categories; termed content and process theories. Both Maslows and Hertzbergs theories are in the content category; content theories assume that all individuals possess the same sets of needs (Fincham et al. 2005). Although, Maslows and Hertzbergs theories are both in the content category, both have similarities and differences; it is ex tremely important to investigate both theorys uniqueness and variations. Fincham et al (2005) agues that Maslow was extremely clear to emphasize that organisations and management should, within reasons carry out all they can to satisfy needs of all levels in an organisation; whether, considering teams, departments or individuals. It is extremely important to understand how team leaders can use Maslows and Hertzbergs theories of motivation, in creating; high-quality structured organised and incentivised individuals. Equally, both theories have some relationships between them for instance, the two psychologist categorised ideas into divisions. For example, Hertzberg divided his idea into two factors termed hygiene factor and motivator factor. On the other hand, Abraham Maslow in addition divided the theory into a progression pyramid expressed as deficiency needs and the higher-order needs. Consequently, deficiency needs must be met in order to motivate employees, deficiency needs are similar to hygiene factor, and however the motivators of Hertzberg are likewise similar to Maslows higher-order needs. Furthermore, team leaders must be extremely conscious of the long term objectives and aims of constructing such theories. One purpose of motivation theories is to encourage organisations to respect the feeling and needs of the workforce; there are many ways and methods to satisfy individuals. For instance, according to Hertzberg, providing employees with good working environment; organisations will g radually observe the impact of the motivator factor (after fulfilling the hygiene factor) through the quality of work and productivity. Ultimately, this suggests when employees are enjoying quality working environment, subsequently productivity will increase enormously. Fincham et al (2005) quotes the presence of motivators in a workplace caused enduring states of motivation in employees. Consequently, Hygiene factors normally produce acceptable work environment but not increased in satisfaction. Similarly, Maslow firmly believes that deficiency needs must be met before expecting fully motivated team; deficiency needs consists of three concepts of human necessitate which are Physiological needs (such as environment), safety needs (job security) and social needs such as belonging and love. Fincham et al (2005) clearly demonstrate that the theory is sending strong messages that when jobs are readily available, pay is adequate, and there is a sense of job security, deficiency needs are easily satisfied. As deficiency needs are fulfilled by an employer, the progression in the hierarchy is essential this is because when physiological and security needs are met, this will construct social needs an exceptionally important motivator; team leaders should invest in social aspects of needs this is because an individuals tends to feel odd in a new team; social enhancement is very important to organisations since acknowledgment of the workforce is classed as an incentive; therefore Hertzb ergs motivator factor (recognition) is satisfied. Moreover, recognition is the acknowledgement of someone for doing creditable job nevertheless, motivation theory encourages team leaders to always appreciate team members contribution and therefore close relationship between the two(team member and leader) must be familiarised. Hayes (1997) stresses the necessitate of relationship combination between the team leader and the team, for example, by recognising an individuals needs for support and provision, a team leader is able to engage the provision of training in new skills, giving an individual time off after a demanding period at the workplace and or simply providing emotional support to them. Achieving the above will lead to a teams triumph (achievement) similarly providing team members with feedback on their progress will enhance an individuals confidence to acknowledge their full potential and to attain more. Similarities Hertzberg et al.1959. Hertzberg- psychologist categorised their theories into to category of their own, Hertzberg has split his theory into two factors, he called it hygiene and motivator factor. Whereas, Maslow called his hierarchy of needs, the deficiency needs and the higher-order needs. Maslow Similarity: the theory explains when jobs are readily available, pay is adequate, and there is degree of job security, deficiency needs are easily satisfied (Fincham et al. page 197). As deficiency needs are fulfilled by an employer, the progression in the hierarchy is essential this is because when physiological and security needs are met, this will make social needs an extremely important motivator. Firstly deficiency needs must be met in order to motivate employees, the deficiency needs are similar to hygiene factor, and however the motivators of Hertzberg are likewise similar to Maslows higher-order needs. (Own writing) Both theory did not include monetary reward is a motivator; Maslow defines salary as a norm, whereas Hertzberg referred salary as a hygiene factor which only stops dissatisfaction of employees but do not motivates them. For example, Hertzberg (1972) located salary in the hygiene factor. (Fincham et al. page 195:200, (2005)) it is important to consider the role of non-financial rewards and recognition play in motivating staff. Differences Main difference- psychologist Hertzbergs first account of his theory was that it made the proposals easily testable (major difference between the two psychologists accounts). (Page 199 Fincham, (2005)) Possible difference from Maslow theory: although Maslow has described how the constructs could be measured but the process he has set out were unclear because the complexity of the description (cannot be easily measured which made it difficult for anyone to follow). Fincham et al. (p 198, (2005)) states the operational definitions of the need constructs or other variables such as prepotency were not always clear. And so measurement of them was invariably problematic (Maslow did describe how the constructs might be measured but the process he set out was extremely complex and never followed by anyone) Although, Hertzberg theory illustrate how employers can motivate their employees, Hertzberg goes further than that, he also described how jobs can be changed to gain well-motivated workforce for the long run. (Fincham et al. P200, (2005)) How can a team leader motivate his team? Herzberg motivators- the presence of motivators in a workplace caused enduring states of motivation in employees (Fincham et al. Page 199, (2005)) Subsequently, Hygiene factors normally produce acceptable work environment but not increased in satisfaction. 09.11.2010 written By the 1960s motivation had become the central concept through which to understand job satisfaction. (Page 97,work psychology and organisational behaviour, Wendy Hallway,1991) Team leader can motivate workers by offering them intrinsic reward. Herzterg believes the only way to motivate employees is to give them challenging work in which employees can assume responsibility. According to Hertzbergs two factor theory, giving employees good working environment, team leaders will eventually notice the impact of this factor through the quality of work and productivity(own writing) According to Hertzberg and Maslow individuals are motivated in certain ways, for example Hertzberg has indicated how job redesigned can incorporate more motivation. Ways of motivating employees according to Hertzberg motivator factor: Responsibility by increasing employees autonomy (independence) while retaining accountability, employees will feel that they possess responsibly which allows them to achieve more. Accountability- increasing accountability of employees for their own work will motivate them by recognising them. Recognition -giving employees feedback on their work enhances an individual confidence. Hayes (1997) stresses the necessitate of relationship combination between the team leader and the team, for example, by recognising an individuals desires for support and provision, a team leader is able to engage the provision of training in new skills, giving an individual time off after a demanding period at the workplace and or simply providing emotional support to them. Achieving the above motivator (Hertzbergs motivator factor) will lead to teams triumph (achievement). Promotion- Achievement- assigning individuals specific and specialised tasks enhances the expertise of an employee. Above are motivators of Hertzberg theory of motivation, Hertzberg (1972) believes these motivators contributes to development and promotes psychological growth. Consequently, in Maslows higher-order needs, he includes self esteem and self actualisation, Maslow firmly believes that these needs will promote an individual full potential. Stress is the cause of many illnesses whether psychological or physical illness, for example, Parkinson et al (1995) have stressed out that research on stress had revealed the cause of psychological illnesses. Motivating employees, team leaders are able reduce the occurrence of stress, stress is mainly caused when a job or the role of an employee is repetitive or is lacking variety. Employees prefer to use variety of skills but when a job is repetitive, limited skills are been consumed which causes stress amongst employees. Fincham et al. (2005) , demonstrates the level of stimulation a job provides is likewise associated with the amount of stress it can cause employees to experience. Even though it is possible to contradict and criticize this finding, some believe routine work is common in some workplaces. Individuals have a tendency to be uninspired by repetitive and lack of variety in work, consequently team leader can motivate their team using Maslow and Hertzbergs theory of motivation. There are many ways and methods of motivating employees, one example rotating roles between individuals will result in a significantly high motivation. According to Hollway (1991) there were various attempts that have been applied since the first world war to solve the problems caused by repetitive jobs, Walker (1950) quoted in Hollway (1991) mentions within industry a variety of devices have been tried for a relief of monotony in highly simplified, repetitive operationintroduction of rest pauses, music in the workshop and the grouping of workers into competitive teams. Although using music in the workshop can be quite interesting for some employees, others will argue that not everybody can be motivated by music, instead music can also bee moderately stressful.

Essay --

Canada’s tried to remove assurances that Canada would support its allies in future wars, but failed. †¢ In 1921, Canada’s population was approximately 9 million citizens from which the majority was English Canadians. †¢ Canada was troubled by the lack of unity with its people. Disagreements and arguments arose that interfere government’s policies †¢ Many French Canadians wanted to separate Quebec from the rest of Canada. †¢ In the general elections held in 1921, the liberal Party held the most seats and won the elections. The liberal party was led by Mackenzie King. †¢ Mackenzie King served as a prime minister of Canada three times: from 1921 to 1926, 1926 to 1930, and 1935 to 1948. †¢ He worked to improve Canadian self-government in foreign relations and to unite English and French Canadians. †¢ J.S Woodsworth together with William Irvine won seats in the Canadian Parliament. Together they wanted churches in Canada and that the government to become more active on such social issues as alcohol abuse, the hardship of immigrants, labor conditions, poverty and prostitution. †¢ Canada was asked and other dominions to send troops to help participate to help the British to hold a position at the Turkish port in Chanak. †¢ Canada disagreed to support Britain in the potential war with Turkey. †¢ First time, Canada did not automatically support Britain in war. †¢ In the â€Å"Imperial Conference â€Å"in London, Mackenzie King eager for having a common foreign rule for all the British Empire. †¢ In 1923 Canada signed freely with the U.S. the halibut treaty to control fishing in the Atlantic, pacific oceans and the Great Lakes. †¢ First time, Canada signed a treaty without including Britain. †¢ At the â€Å"Imperial Conference â€Å"Canada was allowed to sign treaties on i... ...the Canadian confederation in 1949. †¢ 1972, British citizens living in Canada are no longer able to vote in the Canadian elections. †¢ Canadian medals for military courage, bravery and valor were created and given. †¢ 1980, the Canadian national anthem was created. †¢ â€Å" Dominion day â€Å" is renamed â€Å"Canada Day† †¢ 2004, letter of credibility from foreign ambassadors are now formally addressed to the governor general of Canada. †¢ 1982,Constitution act is revised †¢ No longer can the British parliament make changes in Canada’s constitution. †¢ In 1925 Mackenzie King made his first idea for the national flag of Canada, it was very hard to get an approval, agreement among all. †¢ In 1946, King selected a parliamentary committee to choose a flag design. †¢ On Feb, 15, 1965 Canada had its own national flag. †¢ Union Jack was Canada’s unofficial national flag, it was Britain’s flag

Great Power Hegemony

Name: Sayed Jamaluddin Firozi, St no: 1B1019 Great power hegemony There is a question that which system (empire, balance of power, concert of power or great power hegemony) provides the best conditions for advancing peace, prosperity and civilization? There are several opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of each system and the functions, abilities and disabilities of them to maintaining the peace and stability in international arena. But I want to argue on hegemonic power system as a preventer of war among states and a maintainer of peace as comparison to other suggested types of system for advancing peace, stability and civilization in all over the world. Hegemonic power system is the best system for advancing peace, prosperity and preventing war among states comparing to other types of systems such as empire, balance of power, and concert of power. In this paper I will argue that as history of international relations show most wars and conflicts among states occurred in a lack of a hegemonic power because a hegemonic power try to act as a policeman and don’t let the states to start war. If war happens mostly the super power will enter the war to stop it because the hegemonic power does see itself as a policeman to have the right to intervene. So, hegemonic power is good for making peace and stability in the world. There are many reasons that great power hegemony system could be the best option for developing peace and preventing the war. It is clear that two world wars happened in the absence of a great hegemonic power. For example if in the 1910s there was great power hegemony the First World War may did not happen. In addition, hegemonic power system naturally makes its allies and don’t want to go just for its own interest but also look for others as well. In contrast in balance of power each actor in the system try to pursue its national interests and want to increase the power in terms of military or other resources. Furthermore, great power hegemony can be very helpful in cooperation among states, because the hegemonic power bear the most cost of transaction in the system. For example USA as a hegemonic state â€Å"pays the 22 percent regular expenditure of United Nation and 25 percent of the budget while UN goes for peacekeeping operations around the world. On the other hand, â€Å"the system of balance of power doesn’t seem to contribute the cooperation among states but in contrast it pushes the states to go for a competition and armament race because each state in the system will increase its capabilities to make the balance in the system. Eventually this competition will lead nation state to build its arm forces†. However, there are some arguments about the weakness of hegemonic power to prevent states from going to war. They argue that hegemonic power has its own limitations in term of internal and external barriers to go as policeman around the world. This arguments see very good and logic. But they don’t have any proposal that which system could be the best to make the world more peaceful and prosperous. So, despite these points of view the other types of system such as balance of power or concert of power likely aren’t good replacement for great power hegemony system to be succeeded for making peace and stability in the world. So I will try to give more examples from history of international relations to show the other systems (empire and balance of power or concert of power) couldn’t make a stable and peaceful world. But mostly went to war and there was fear of attack from other country in the era of those systems. In conclusion, there might be some suggestion for advancing peace, prosperity and stability within the system of great power hegemony. References: 1. Luard, Evan. The balance of power: The System of International Relations, 1648 – 1815, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1992. 2. Kennedy, Paul, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers, Random House, New York, 1987 3. Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1996. 4. Journal of Peace Research. 5. Brooking Institution Press. 6. The Better World Campaign. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. . U. S. Dues and Contributions to the United Nations, The Better World Campaign, http://www. betterworldcampaign. org/issues/funding/us-dues-and-contributions. h tml , [ 3 ]. . Journal of p eace research, 1964-2007 (Vols. 1-44), http://www. jstor. org/stable/422972? seq=3

Use of Pastiche in English Prose

Use of Pastiche in English Prose A text that borrows or imitates the style, words, or ideas of other writers. Unlike a parody, which aims for a comic or satiric effect, a pastiche is often intended as a compliment (or an homage) to the original writer(s)though it may just be a hodgepodge of borrowed words and ideas. Examples and Observations: The pastiche prose form openly mimes the content and mannerisms of another written work. Its a respectful, if often jocular, an homage to the work that inspired it. (Its literary cousin is the parody, but that imitation subtly or savagely satirizes its source material.) The pastiche implicitly says, I appreciate this author, the characters, and the fictive world . . . and my imitation is sincere flattery.The affection for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and his immortal Sherlock Holmes is evident in August Derleths stories about brilliant, deerstalker-wearing Solar Pons of 7B Praed St.(Mort Castle, Write Like Poe. The Complete Handbook Of Novel Writing, 2nd ed. Writers Digest Books, 2010)The secret mechanism of a pastiche is the fact that a style is not just a unique set of linguistic operations: a style is not just a prose style. A style is also a quality of vision. It is also its subject matter. A pastiche transfers the prose style to a new content (while parody transfers the prose style to an inadmissible and scandalous content): it is, therefore, a way of testing out the limits of a style.(Adam Thirlwell, The Delighted States. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007) Parody and Pastiche in The SimpsonsParody attacks a particular text or genre, making fun of how that text or genre operates. Pastiche merely imitates or repeats for mildly ironic amusement, whereas parody is actively critical. For instance, when an episode of The Simpsons loosely follows the plot of Citizen Kane (rendering Mr. Burns as Kane), no real critique is offered of Orson Welless masterpiece, making this pastiche. Yet on a weekly basis, The Simpsons plays with generic conventions of the traditional family sitcom. It also mocks forms of advertising and . . . it occasionally lambastes the form and format of news, all with critical intent, thereby making such instances bona fide parody.(Jonathan Gray, Jeffrey P. Jones, and Ethan Thompson, The State of Satire, the Satire of the State. Satire TV: Politics and Comedy in the Post-Network Era. New York University Press, 2009)Pastiche in Green Days American Idiot (Musical)The sheer volume of the stage band’s music and the frenet ic rush of action provide constant energy. But tunes recalling the 1950s pastiche of The Rocky Horror Picture Show or, during We’re Coming Home Again, the Phil Spectoresque Springsteen of Born to Run, have few punk credentials. The indulgent-youths versus dutiful-wives combat of Too Much Too Soon also shows how much [Bilie Joe] Armstrong’s characters are [Jack] Kerouac boys and girls at base, American idiots and ennui unchanged.(Nick Hasted, Green Day’s American Idiot, Hammersmith Apollo, London. The Independent, December 5, 2012) Pastiche in Peter PanThe apparent contradiction whereby war converts into a game is weirdly captured in Baden-Powells favorite play, J.M. Barries Peter Pan (1904), which he saw many times in the years he was gestating Scouting for Boys. In the Neverland of the play, Peters boys, the pirates, and the Indians relentlessly track after one another in a literal vicious circle that, though it is on one level all burlesque, an excessive late Imperial pastiche of the commonplaces of childrens fiction, is also deadly seriousas the final carnage on Captain Hooks ship vividly dramatizes.(Elleke Boehmer, introduction to Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship by Robert Baden-Powell, 1908; Rpt. 2004)Samuel Becketts Use of Pastiche[Samuel] Becketts cutting and pasting his reading onto his own stock of prose produced a discourse that Giles Deleuze might call rhizomatic or a technique Frederic Jameson might call pastiche. That is, these early works are finally assemblages, intertextual layerings, palimpsests, the effect of which is to produce (if not reproduce) a multiplicity of meanings in a manner that will come to be thought Postmodern in the second half of the twentieth century. . . .Postmodern pastiche would suggest that the only style possible in contemporary culture is travesty or mimicry of past stylesquite the opposite of what Beckett was developing. Intertext or assemblage or pastiche allowed Beckett to assault the idea of style and so (or thereby) develop his own . . ..(S.E. Gontarski, Style and the Man: Samuel Beckett and the Art of Pastiche. Samuel Beckett Today: Pastiches, Parodies Other Imitations, ed. by Marius Buning, Matthijs Engelberts, and Sjef Houppermans. Rodopi, 2002) Fredric Jameson on PasticheHence, once again, pastiche: in a world in which stylistic innovation is no longer possible, all that is left is to imitate dead styles, to speak through the masks and with the voices of the styles in the imaginary museum. But this means that contemporary or postmodernist art is going to be about art itself in a new kind of way; even more, it means that one of its essential messages will involve the necessary failure of art and the aesthetic, the failure of the new, the imprisonment in the past.(Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism and Consumer Society. The Cultural Turn: Selected Writings on the Postmodern, 1983-1998. Verso, 1998)

Tartuffe MOLLIERE essays

Tartuffe MOLLIERE essays Tartuffe is a classic story of deceit by one who is trusted and respected. Tartuffe, the deceitful holy man, is living in the house of Oregon. Oregon has opened his doors to Tartuffe, and he greatly respects him for being the good holy man he was thought to be. The rest of the family believe that Tartuffe is a fake and a con. Oregon and Madam Parcelle are the two which believe in his holy reputation. Tartuffe convinces Oregon that he is an incredible man of great holy stature, and Oregon proceeds to sign over to Tartuffe Outward Appearances can sometimes be deceiving. This is evident in the way Oregon looked at Tartuffe. Tartuffe was thought to be a man of great holy influence. Oregon thought Tartuffe was a high holy figure, who was admirable because of his devotion to God. Tartuffe is actually a two- faced con artist who has no interests but that of his own welfare. Oregon is blinded by these ideals. Tartuffe takes advantage of this blindness and attempts to seduce Oregons wife and con Oregon out of all his Another action by Tartuffe was the first steps of seducing Oregons wife. He uses his rosary to pull her in closer. In this episode, Tartuffe is using a symbol of purity and holiness as a tool of lust and sin. At some points, hed be eloquent and dignified, but at times he would be as if he was going after her. There is another aspect to the seduction by Tartuffe of Oregons wife. Molierre has Oregon hiding under a table when Tartuffe is trying to physically seduce his wife. Oregon had never believed his family that Tartuffe was two faced. Oregon, seeing with his own eyes what Tartuffe was doing, finally believes them. This shows that sometimes people dont believe something until they see it with their own eyes. Moilere succeeded in making Oregon and Madam Parcelle stubborn ...

Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Outline - Essay Example This statement to a great extent brings out the basic idea of the service learning and also highlights the basic foundation of service learning. Hence this will be the attention getting statement of the speech. The main aim of the research is to identify companies in the local area of Denver Colorado which support service learning. The research will focus on the companies that support and implement service learning. The statement for preview will be the explanation by Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction: â€Å"Service-learning is a teaching and learning methodology which fosters civic responsibility and applies classroom learning through meaningful service to the community. The strongest service-learning experiences occur when the service is meaningfully immersed in ongoing learning and is a natural part of the curriculum that extends into the community† (Public Instruction). The main reason this has been chosen is that it provides an excellent foundation and explanation of the concept of service learning. In conclusion, it is essential to note that there are a number of companies that adopt and support service learning to a great extent. It is also essential to understand that service learning helps in better interaction with others and also helps in spreading the knowledge in a more effective manner. Denver, Colorado has in fact become a hub of service learning and more companies each day adapt service learning or also support it. The success rate of service learning within this area is high and effective. Thank you, now my friend XXXXXX will continue with the

Globalization in China as it relates to MacroEconomics Essay

Globalization in China as it relates to MacroEconomics - Essay Example (U.S. Commercial Service) China has been doing an admirable job of attracting foreign direct Investment (FDI), which has made it a powerful force to reckon with in the World Economic scene. In 2004, China kept its place as one of the top two destinations in the world of FDI adding $64 billion. Over $564 billion of FDI has been invested in China since it opened to the world in 1979.Executives overwhelmingly consider China to be the undisputed top FDI destination for the third year in a row in 2004. About 40% of global investors expressed a more positive outlook on China's economy, four times the number of executives who had a dimmer view of China. The path to economic liberalization has been a difficult but fruitful one for China. It has triumphed due to its determination and commitment to open up its markets to foreign investors. A Business Week article in 2001 stated that "after two decades of steady but halting reforms, Beijing is now racing to dismantle the last vestiges of a command economy". Let us trace the FDI history in China. Since late 1978, China has carried out massive economic reforms in an effort to restructure its economy to be more market oriented. FDI was one of the primary goals of its reforms. The government has over the years slowly liberalized the restrictions on FDI to gain technology transfer, modern management skills and foreign exchange. The government's first move to entice FDI was taken in 1979 with the Equity Joint Venture Law. This law allowed the legal entry of FDI and provided a statutory basis for the establishment of joint ventures in China. But Investment was allowed in only designated Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and was encouraged via tax incentives. As investments grew, additional laws were required. In 1983 another law was issued which provided greater details on all joint ventures in FDI. The government also expanded the SEZs in 1984.Then it passed Foreign Exchange Balance Provisions and Encouragement provisions in 1986, which facilitated FDI and allowed firms to solve fore ign exchange problems. (Jun Fu, November 2000). In 1994, China conducted a new round of FDI reforms. It abolished the official exchange rate and adopted a market rate. It also abolished the exchange quota retention system. In 1996, the government adopted IMF article A that removed all restrictions on foreign exchange transactions. All these reforms went a long way to boost investor confidence. In the November 1999 US-China WTO Accession Agreement, China agreed to several ground breaking reforms. (Sandra Berkun, 2001). Some of them were: China will phase in trading rights and distribution services over three years, and open up sectors relating to distribution services such as repair and maintenance, warehousing, trucking and air-courier services (US-China Business Council). China committed to allow FDI in its telecommunications industry. Increased access in banking, insurance and securities will be phased in the next five years resulting in full market access in all activities and regions. China also promised national treatment for foreign banks and minority ownership in domestic security firms and more insurance businesses.(Lardy ,1998) Increased access for professional services including accounting, consulting, engineering, medical and Information Technology. (Lardy,

Interventions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interventions - Research Paper Example g programs is enlarged to take in the actual job requirements vis-Ã  -vis the knowledge and skill levels on an individual basis, whereby the learning needs of the individual are identified, and the training program removes this deficit in the individual (Buckley & Caple, 2010, p.108). Analyses of the training needs are from two perspectives. The first perspective relates to the knowledge and skills required for the job or task, while the second perspective pertains to the specific learning needs of the individual for the job or task. The analyses provide a list of knowledge and skills that need to be delivered to the individual. The list is then translated into the behavioral objectives of the training, which paves the way for opting for the most appropriate sequence for delivering the training needs. Transfer of the training is achieved through putting into practice the knowledge and skills received through the training at the workplace. No training is complete in the absence of evaluation of the exercise. Evaluation of the training is done through examining the effectiveness of the training and the value provided by the training (Buckley & Caple, 2010, p.108). The system level at which one-to-one training is most applicable is when the individual is about to start on a new job or task assigned. This may occur when a new employee joins the organization, and needs to be trained on the new job. Alternatively, an existing employee may be assigned a new job function or a new job task. In both these eventualities one-to-one training is the most appropriate training method (Buckley & Caple, 2010, p.108). There are three elements involved in the best practices for one-to-one training. The first element is delivering the training at the right time. Immediately prior to an individual undertaking a new job or task is the right time to deliver the training. The second element is delivering the training at the right place. By right place, the meaning pertains to giving

Book Review Essay Example for Free

Book Review Essay The novel is about a wolf called Faolan that survives with a friend of his, Edme. There is another wolf called the Prophet that tries to send out wolves to kill Faolan and Edme. They try to find a shelter to try to hide but end up getting spotted by a wolf. They run away and escape from the wolf. After getting away they go out and find the Prophet. They confront him ask ask him why he wants to kill them and he jumps at them and they finally kill the Prophet. The book is associated with the other five Wolves of the Beyond books Lone Wolf, Shadow Wolf, Watch Wolf, Spirit Wolf, and Star Wolf.  I would give the book a 2 because I like the Wolves of the Beyond books. They explain how the wolves survive and how they hunt their prey. The book shows how they grow up and learn to hunt and communicate with the others. I also like how the author makes it feel like something is going to happen like a fight scene. The book also continues the story of the main character, Faolan and gives the wolf a characteristic for each book the author makes. The novel is about a wolf called Faolan that survives with a friend of his, Edme. There is another wolf called the Prophet that tries to send out wolves to kill Faolan and Edme. They try to find a shelter to try to hide but end up getting spotted by a wolf. They run away and escape from the wolf. After getting away they go out and find the Prophet. They confront him ask ask him why he wants to kill them and he jumps at them and they finally kill the Prophet. The book is associated with the other five Wolves of the Beyond books Lone Wolf, Shadow Wolf, Watch Wolf, Spirit Wolf, and Star Wolf.  I would give the book a 2 because I like the Wolves of the Beyond books. They explain how the wolves survive and how they hunt their prey. The book shows how they grow up and learn to hunt and communicate with the others. I also like how the author makes it feel like something is going to happen like a fight scene. The book also continues the story of the main character, Faolan and gives the wolf a characteristic for each book the author makes.

NHS Public Relations and Customer Care Policy

NHS Public Relations and Customer Care Policy Introduction Public relations are an indirect form of sales motivation ‘a psychology – coated advertising pill’. According to the Institute of Public Relations[1], public relations are defined as: the deliberate planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organisation and its public. Presently in the UK (United Kingdom) most health care providers are managed by the NHS (National Health Service) – the largest public service organisation in Europe. Therefore the direction this report will take is as follows: (1) to investigate the key principles of public relations and customer care; (2) to analyse how a public service organisation deals with public relations – in particular how the NHS deals with public relations; and (3) to examine the customer care policy of the NHS. The key principles of public relations and customer care According to Hall (1971)[2], public relations are based on the following key principles: The company and customers or prospective customers – the primary objective being to create a good public image and the secondary objectives being: (1) Selling the company, by securing and maintaining public goodwill; (2) Unobtrusively advertising the product or service sold; (3) Increasing sales and profits, and paying higher dividends to the shareholders. 2. The company and shareholders or prospective shareholders – It is also important  that the company should maintain good relations with its shareholders and with  the investing public at large, for the following reasons: (1) The shareholders as owners of the company, are entitled to information  concerning its activities. (2) It is essential to keep the shareholders contented, as they are a  prospective source of capital if the company wishes to develop at some future  date. (3) The investing public at large is more likely to invest in a company with  which it has good relations. 3. The company and its employees – personnel relations and public relations are  complementary. A company’s treatment of its employees is an important factor in  enhancing or dimming its public image. Therefore it is useless to spend money on  an elaborate public relations department and then ignore the basic principles of  good personnel relations. Arens (1999)[3] agrees but argues that there are four other principles: 4. Communities – courtesy and friendly support towards the organisations immediate  neighbours strengthens the ties between the organisation and its neighbours. 5. Media – press packets, briefings, and facilitating access to organisation  news makers build trust and goodwill. 6. Government – a desire for favourable legislation and subsidies are good reasons  why organisations should earn and maintain the goodwill and trust of the  government. The systems and procedures involved in dealing with public relations The size of an organisation and the type of business it is often determines the methods of public relations to be used e.g. Large companies are more inclined to have their own public relations department – which contrasts with small companies which would most likely outsource public relations consultants. If an organisation desires external public relations can be achieved through anyone of the following methods: Press relations, comprising press releases and notices relating to the companys activities. Exhibitions and trade fairs Television and radio are used for public relations as well as for advertising. Direct consumer contacts – this is a personal approach to improving public relations and is all about implementing goodwill to others in an attempt at public relations success. Literature produced in various printed forms ranging from journals to an organisation history. Eye-catching functions used to gain public notice, e.g. The sponsorship of sports events such as the annual walk against breast cancer. Open days – the public (inclusive of employees families) is invited to visit the organisations premises – this helps promote personnel relations. The National Health Service The National Health Service of the UK is divided into two divisions; England and Wales, and Northern Ireland. The National Health Service has outlined for the both regions all the personnel who will fall under its umbrella as follows: England and Wales[4] A Patients Forum established under section 15 of the National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002. Any person providing primary medical services or primary dental services In accordance with arrangements made under section 28C of the National Health Service Act 1977; or Under a contract under section 28K or 28Q of that Act; in respect of information relating to the provision of those services. Any person providing general medical services, general dental services, general ophthalmic services or pharmaceutical services under Part II of the National Health Service Act 1977, in respect of information relating to the provision of those services. Any person providing personal medical services or personal dental services under arrangements made under section 28C of the National Health Service Act 1977, in respect of information relating to the provision of those services. Any person providing local pharmaceutical services under A pilot scheme established under section 28 of the Health and Social Care Act 2001; or An LPS scheme established under Schedule 8A to the National Health Service Act 1977 (c 49), in respect of information relating to the provision of those services. Northern Ireland Any person providing primary medical services, general dental services, general ophthalmic services or pharmaceutical services under Part VI of the Health and Personal Social Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1972, in respect of information relating to the provision of those services. Customer Care Policy Davis (2003 p. 47)[5] says that patients are consumers of medical services and deserve customer care. He believes that customer care is critical especially for professionals such as surgeons and dentists; and that customer care creates opportunities for the customers to be informed and form judgements. According to Davis, customers pay for what they receive and as he explains, patients do have family and friends who from a critical public that directly affect the organisations reputation. Therefore if patients receive ill treatment the organisation is likely to have a bad reputation which would most likely lead to a loss of clientà ¨le to competition. Good customer care is also essential when dealing with patients, as this can affect the direction which a grant might take. In particular the NHS has a rating system which encourages feedback – which it then uses to improve its quality of customer service. Systems and Procedures in relation to communication with the media Media specialists are aware of the requirements, preferences, limitations, and strengths of the various media used to serve the client. They find the right media for clients messages (Baran, 2002)[6]. In public relations the accounting, legal and medical professions have had little success in policing their own members. Therefore one should ask what should be done to prevent misleading and dishonest communications from going to the public? The International Association of Businesses Communicators have laid down a code of practice which states that Members of IABC will engage in truthful, accurate and fair communication that facilitates respect and mutual understanding ¡K Accoding to Horton (2002)[7], the fact is that what a CEO wants, a CEO gets. Sometimes a board of directors has the power to stop a CEO from making false statements or misleading customers, investors, regulators and others. But, whistle blowers do not fare well, and it takes a great deal of evidence for a whistle b lower to prove that a corporation has engaged in unethical action or misleading communication. Further, even though one is personally ethical, executives can sanction and encourage unethical activity. This puts a strain on one to go along or get out. Unfortunately, it is usually easier to go along, and there are rewards for doing so. There are many ways that a CEO can corrupt a company, but one of the most insidious is the goals that the CEO sets. Horton explains that defending an unpopular person, organization or issue in the media is a tough PR challenge. He expounds that unlike a court of law where rules of argumentation and fact apply, PR practitioners face uncontrolled media, citizen rumours, political opinion, falsehoods and conclusions based on partial fact. Public relations in such times can be thankless and a losing effort. Yet, as he puts it, successful defence can be a career high point. Practitioners learn what they are made of and how well they have mastered communications. Horton has laid down some rules for dealing with the media as follows: The first rule of defending the indefensible is to start with and stick to facts as much as possible. Unfortunately, in many, if not most situations, facts are missing or incomplete. Facts put to rest speculation and opinion, and they stop a natural tendency to assume there is more behind an issue or event than meets the eye. This means PR practitioners should be trained in gathering and checking facts quickly then getting them out fast to interested parties. However, facts can tell an ugly story, a story that an individual and/or organization do not want to have told. In addition, facts may tell stories that must not be narrated because of personal, political or other confidentiality. PR practitioners often know more than can be said to journalists, and journalists are dedicated to finding out what practitioners cannot say. Silence PR practitioners are taught that silence is harmful. During a crisis, they are told that individuals or organizations must do something with media calls, skittish investors, unhappy suppliers, fearful employees and grandstanding regulators. But silence is not always harmful. There are times when silence is best even though others talk about you, especially when defending unpopular individuals, organizations or issues. An old clichà © attributed to British royalty is, â€Å"Never complain, never explain.† This stiff-upper-lip approach covered up many activities that royalty did not want to expose to public scrutiny. It worked for decades until U.K. media in search of circulation boosts broke a compact of silence about the doings of the palace. Nonetheless, silence helps when: Pressure to speak is not intense If the public, regulators, media and others are not pushing to get answers, it might work well not to volunteer them. When the issue might be a passing one – If an issue arises that is a one-day headline, â€Å"no comment† might suffice. When there is nothing one can say. The only justifiable expression may be confession and remorse. When speaking makes the situation worse. Speed It is a basic PR rule to get out factual information as quickly as possible. Delay is a mistake that happens too frequently because of internal battles, concerns for liability and dictates of privacy. Some speed techniques are: Say â€Å"No comment,† and follow orders. Deliver some kind of statement, even if inadequate â€Å"I have been instructed to tell you†¦. That is all that I can say at this time.† Let another take over. Fight hard – Collect the emerging media stories and go to the CEO to make a forceful case for what is happening to the firm’s reputation by failing to disclose the facts speedily. Resign – This is an extreme option unless a company or CEO is so far in the wrong that a practitioner can be considered complicit by acting as a spokesperson. Damage Control When compelling facts are not readily available, practitioners must use damage control to defend the indefensible individual or organization. Refutation – Paint a story as false. One attacks the teller of the story (â€Å"Consider the source.†) and the story itself as meaningless, incredible, impossible or illogical. Confirmation – Praise the person and story that favour your side. (â€Å"X is an honourable man. He would never lie.†) Note that a story is possible, probably, logical and fitting. (â€Å"From our careful reconstruction, this is the way that events unfolded.†) Of course, even though X is an honourable man, he might sometimes lie and careful reconstructions of stories might be logical and wrong. Vituperation – This has a more modern name – â€Å"character assassination.† It’s an all-out effort to discredit someone making allegations by going after the person’s heritage, education, background, lifestyle or whatever it takes to take away the individual’s credibility in the eyes of target audiences. Appeal to character – This is an effort to build the image of an individual and cast doubt on allegations against that person. Appeals to character use all of the techniques of vituperation but puts a positive spin on them. Diversion – Create a secondary issue that obscures the first issue. A popular movie came out a few years ago that illustrated how to do this by creating a phony war. The film, Wag the Dog, was a cynical portrayal of how Washington political communications work. Comments and Conclusion Defence of an unpopular individual, organization or point of view is probably no more successful than defending an accused in a courtroom. However, because the media and society do not follow strict rules of argumentation or precedent, the chances of a story â€Å"getting away† from the practitioner are greater. (Caywood, 1997)[8] When companies and individuals have been destroyed by negative publicity, only to be vindicated later, they can never recover what they have lost. There is little recourse in the law for such outcomes. One can sue for libel, but if the facts of a case were accurate to the time they were presented, there was no libel. One is a victim of circumstances. The PR practitioner’s job, insofar as the practitioner is able, is to balance perception enough to take pressure off an individual or organization or, if possible, to refute allegations. There is no chance of success unless one tries. It is imperative that public relations departments and personnel remember that they are the main point of contact for radio and television stations, newspapers, and magazines. Footnotes [1] Institute of Public Relations, Guide to the practice of public relations [2] Hall L., (1971, p. 288) Business Administration, 3rd Edition, MacDonald and Evans Ltd. [3] Arens W.F., (1999) Contemporary advertising, Irwin McGraw-Hill [4]National Health Service http://www.foi.gov.uk/coverage.htm#part3http://www.foi.gov.uk/coverage.htm#part3 [Online Source: 15/05/06] [5] Davis A., (2003) Everything You Should Know About Public Relations, Page Kogan [6] Baran S.J., (2002) Introduction to Mass Communication; Maedia, Literacy, and Culture, McGraw Hill [7] Horton J.L., () The ethics question http://www.online-pr.com/Holding/TheEthicsQuandaryARTICLE.pdf [Online Source: 15/05/06] [8] Caywood C.L., (1997) The Handbook of Strategic Public Relations and Integrated Communications, McGraw Hill

Symbolism in Lord of the Flies :: Essays Papers

Symbolism in Lord of the Flies In William Golding's Lord of the Flies, a novel that explores the depths of human nature, plot is irrelevant in comparison to the rich symbolism embedded in nearly all components of the story. The theme of the book is the destructive presence of evil as an influence to mankind, which lies within the breakdown of all order and common sense as a group of british boys stranded on a deserted island evolve into a pack of animalistic savages. The clues to this hidden theme behind the storyline are plentiful, as Golding uses a number of objects to represent certain ideologies and moral values. The first term used in the book that holds much symbolic value throughout the story is the usage of the word "scar" for the stretch of sandy beach that borders the thick jungle on the island. When the plane crashes on the lush island, it disrupts the balance and harmony of nature untouched by man's influence. The twisted wreckage of the plane creates an imperfection in the peacefulness of nature, and leaves the beach a "scar" of what it used to be - beautiful and unharmed by man's destructive impulse. Golding describes the natural surroundings of the island in lush, descriptive detail all throughout the book, beginning with an account of Ralph's proximity : "The shore was fledged with palm trees. These stood or leaned or reclined against the light and their green feathers were a hundred feet up in the air. The ground beneath them was a bank covered with grass, torn everywhere by the upheavals of fallen trees, scattered with decaying coconuts and palm saplings. Behind this was the darkness of the forest proper and the open space of the scar." (9-10) An object which also attains much symoblic relevance as the story unfolds is the conch shell. Delicate, fragile, and white, the conch is what brings the boys together on the first day at the beach. It is used throughout the story as an object of high importance and tradition, as it calls meetings together and determines who has the right to speak, depending on who is holding it at the time. It can be seen as a representation of law and order amongst the boys, as it unites them and prevents chaos from arising.